Flag
of Liberia
Flag Description of Liberia: 11 equal horizontal
stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there
is a white five-pointed star on a blue square in the upper
hoist-side corner; the design was based on the US flag
Map of Liberia
OFFICIAL NAME:
Republic of Liberia
Geography
Area: 111,369 sq. km. (43,000 sq. mi.). Slightly larger than Ohio.
Cities: Capital--Monrovia (est. 1,000,000 to 1,500,000). Principal
towns--Buchanan (est. 300,000), Ganta (est. 290,000), Gbarnga (est.
150,000), Kakata (est. 100,000), Harbel (est. 136,000).
Terrain: Three areas--Mangrove swamps and beaches along the coast, wooded
hills and semideciduous shrublands along the immediate interior, and dense
tropical forests and plateaus in the interior. Liberia has 40% of West Africa's
rain forest.
People
Nationality: Noun and adjective--Liberian(s).
Population (2006): 3.57 million.
Annual growth rate (2006): 2.9%.
Ethnic groups: Kpelle 20%, Bassa 16%, Gio 8%, Kru 7%, 49% spread over 12 other
ethnic groups.
Religions: Christian 40%, Muslim 20%, animist 40%.
Languages: English is the official language. There are 16 indigenous languages.
Education: Literacy (2003)--20%.
Health: Life expectancy (2005)--42.5 years.
Work force: Agriculture--70%; industry--15%; services--2%.
Employment in the formal sector is estimated at 15%.
Government
Type: Republic.
Independence: From American Colonization Society July 26, 1847.
Constitution: January 6, 1986.
Political parties: 30 registered political parties.
Economy
GDP (World Bank 2006 est.): $631 million.
Real GDP growth rate (2006): 7.8%.
Per capita GDP (2006): $185.50.
Average annual inflation (2006): 7.2%.
Natural resources: Iron ore, rubber, timber, diamonds, gold, and tin. The
Government of Liberia believes there may be sizable deposits of crude oil along
its Atlantic Coast.
Agriculture: Products--coffee, cocoa, sugarcane, rice, cassava, palm oil,
bananas, plantains, citrus, pineapple, sweet potatoes, corn, and vegetables.
Industry: Types--agriculture, iron ore, rubber, forestry, diamonds, gold,
beverages, construction.
Trade (2006): Exports--$157.8 million (of which rubber $150 million).
Major markets--Germany, Poland, U.S., Greece. Imports--$466.7million
(petroleum $122 million; rice $62 million).
PEOPLE
There are 16 ethnic groups that make up Liberia's indigenous population. The
Kpelle in central and western Liberia is the largest ethnic group. Americo-Liberians
who are descendants of freed slaves that arrived in Liberia early in 1821 make
up an estimated 5% of the population.
There also are sizable numbers of Lebanese, Indians, and other West African nationals who comprise part of Liberia's business community. The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship to only people of Negro descent, and land ownership is restricted to citizens.
Liberia was traditionally noted for its academic institutions, iron-mining, and rubber. Political upheavals beginning in the 1980s and a 14-year civil war (1989-2003) largely destroyed Liberia's economy and brought a steep decline in living standards.
HISTORY
Portuguese explorers established contacts with Liberia as early as 1461 and
named the area Grain Coast because of the abundance of "grains of paradise" (Malegueta
pepper seeds). In 1663 the British installed trading posts on the Grain Coast,
but the Dutch destroyed these posts a year later. There were no further reports
of European settlements along the Grain Coast until the arrival of freed slaves
in the early 1800s.
Liberia, "land of the free," was founded by free African-Americans and freed slaves from the United States in 1820. An initial group of 86 immigrants, who came to be called Americo-Liberians, established a settlement in Christopolis (now Monrovia, named after U.S. President James Monroe) on February 6, 1820.
Thousands of freed American slaves and free African-Americans arrived during the following years, leading to the formation of more settlements and culminating in a declaration of independence of the Republic of Liberia on July 26, 1847. The drive to resettle freed slaves in Africa was promoted by the American Colonization Society (ACS), an organization of white clergymen, abolitionists, and slave owners founded in 1816 by Robert Finley, a Presbyterian minister. Between 1821 and 1867 the ACS resettled some 10,000 African-Americans and several thousand Africans from interdicted slave ships; it governed the Commonwealth of Liberia until independence in 1847.
In Liberia's early years, the Americo-Liberian settlers periodically encountered stiff and sometimes violent opposition from indigenous Africans, who were excluded from citizenship in the new Republic until 1904. At the same time, British and French colonial expansionists encroached upon Liberia, taking over much of its territory. Politically, the country was a one-party state ruled by the True Whig Party (TWP). Joseph Jenkins Roberts, who was born and raised in America, was Liberia's first President. The style of government and constitution was fashioned on that of the United States, and the Americo-Liberian elite monopolized political power and restricted the voting rights of the indigenous population. The True Whig Party dominated all sectors of Liberia from independence in 1847 until April 12, 1980, when indigenous Liberian Master Sergeant Samuel K. Doe (from the Krahn ethnic group) seized power in a coup d'etat. Doe's forces executed President William R. Tolbert and several officials of his government, mostly of Americo-Liberian descent. One hundred and thirty-three years of Americo-Liberian political domination ended with the formation of the People's Redemption Council (PRC).
Over time, the Doe government began promoting members of Doe's Krahn ethnic group, who soon dominated political and military life in Liberia. This raised ethnic tension and caused frequent hostilities between the politically and militarily dominant Krahns and other ethnic groups in the country.
After the October 1985 elections, characterized by widespread fraud, Doe solidified his control. The period after the elections saw increased human rights abuses, corruption, and ethnic tensions. The standard of living further deteriorated. On November 12, 1985, former Army Commanding Gen. Thomas Quiwonkpa almost succeeded in toppling Doe's government. The Armed Forces of Liberia repelled Quiwonkpa's attack and executed him in Monrovia. Doe's Krahn-dominated forces carried out reprisals against Mano and Gio civilians suspected of supporting Quiwonkpa.
Despite Doe's poor human rights record and questionable democratic credentials, he retained close relations with Washington. A staunch U.S. ally, Doe met twice with President Ronald Reagan and enjoyed considerable U.S. financial support.
On December 24, 1989, a small band of rebels led by Doe's former procurement chief, Charles Taylor, invaded Liberia from Cote d'Ivoire. Taylor and his National Patriotic Front rebels rapidly gained the support of many Liberians and reached the outskirts of Monrovia within six months.
From 1989 to 1996 one of Africa's bloodiest civil wars ensued, claiming the lives of more than 200,000 Liberians and displacing a million others into refugee camps in neighboring countries. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) intervened in 1990 and succeeded in preventing Charles Taylor from capturing Monrovia. Prince Johnson--formerly a member of Taylor's National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL)--formed the break-away Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia (INPFL). Johnson's forces captured and killed Doe on September 9, 1990. Taking refuge in Sierra Leone and other neighboring countries, former AFL soldiers founded the new insurgent United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO), fighting back Taylor's NPFL.
An Interim Government of National Unity (IGNU) was formed in Gambia under the auspices of ECOWAS in October 1990, headed by Dr. Amos C. Sawyer. Taylor (along with other Liberian factions) refused to work with the interim government and continued fighting. After more than a dozen peace accords and declining military power, Taylor finally agreed to the formation of a five-man transitional government. A hasty disarmament and demobilization of warring factions was followed by special elections on July 19, 1997. Charles Taylor and his National Patriotic Party emerged victorious. Taylor won the election by a large majority, primarily because Liberians feared a return to war had Taylor lost.
For the next six years, the Taylor government did not improve the lives of Liberians. Unemployment and illiteracy stood above 75%, and little investment was made in the country's infrastructure. Liberia is still recovering from the ravages of war; pipe-borne water and electricity are generally unavailable to most of the population, especially outside Monrovia, and schools, hospitals, roads, and infrastructure remain derelict. Rather than work to improve the lives of Liberians, Taylor supported the Revolutionary United Front in Sierra Leone (see Sierra Leone Country Background Note). Taylor's misrule led to the resumption of armed rebellion from among Taylor's former adversaries. By 2003, armed groups called "Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy" (LURD) and "Movement for Democracy in Liberia" (MODEL), largely representing elements of the former ULIMO-K and ULIMO-J factions that fought Taylor during Liberia's previous civil war (1989-1996), were challenging Taylor and his increasingly fragmented supporters on the outskirts of Monrovia.
On June 4, 2003 in Accra, Ghana, ECOWAS facilitated peace talks among the Government of Liberia, civil society, and the LURD and MODEL rebel groups. On the same day, the Chief Prosecutor of the Special Court for Sierra Leone issued a press statement announcing the opening of a sealed March 7, 2003 indictment of Liberian President Charles Taylor for "bearing the greatest responsibility" for atrocities in Sierra Leone since November 1996. In July 2003 the Government of Liberia, LURD, and MODEL signed a cease-fire that all sides failed to respect; bitter fighting reached downtown Monrovia in July and August 2003, creating a massive humanitarian disaster.
On August 11, 2003, under intense U.S. and international pressure, President Taylor resigned office and departed into exile in Nigeria. This move paved the way for the deployment by ECOWAS of what became a 3,600-strong peacekeeping mission in Liberia (ECOMIL). On August 18, leaders from the Liberian Government, the rebels, political parties, and civil society signed a comprehensive peace agreement that laid the framework for constructing a 2-year National Transitional Government of Liberia (NTGL), headed by businessman Gyude Bryant. The UN took over security in Liberia in October 2003, subsuming ECOMIL into the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), a force that grew to its present size of nearly 15,000.
The October 11, 2005 presidential and legislative elections and the subsequent November 8, 2005 presidential run-off were the most free, fair, and peaceful elections in Liberia's history. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf defeated international soccer star George Weah 59.4% to 40.6% to become Africa's first democratically elected female president. She was inaugurated in January 2006 and formed a government of technocrats drawn from among Liberia's ethnic groups and including members of the Liberian diaspora who had returned to the country to rebuild government institutions. The president's party, the Unity Party, does not control the legislature, in which 12 of the 30 registered political parties are represented.
The political situation has remained stable since the 2005 elections. The Government of Liberia has made positive strides aimed at political stability and economic recovery. President Sirleaf has taken a public stance against corruption and has dismissed several government officials. The President is supported by highly experienced and technically competent senior officials, and the public has more confidence in her administration than in any of its recent predecessors. President Sirleaf enjoys good relations with international organizations and donor governments, with whom she is working closely on Liberia's development. The national legislature has enacted several key reforms despite some delays caused by the need to gain consensus among the numerous parties represented.
In order to maintain stability through the post-conflict period, Liberia's security sector reform efforts have led to the disarmament of more than 100,000 ex-combatants, the wholesale U.S.-led reconstruction of the Armed Forces of Liberia, and a UN-led effort to overhaul the Liberian National Police. The mandate of UNMIL has been extended to September 2008 and a gradual drawdown will commence in 2008, to last several years. During this period the Government of Liberia and its development partners will focus on creating jobs, attracting investment, and providing education and other essential services to Liberia's communities.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS
Liberia has a bicameral legislature consisting of 64 representatives and 30
senators. The 2005 election placed a spectrum of political personalities in the
legislature, most for six-year terms. Senior senators were elected for nine-year
terms. Party structures remain weak, and politics continues to be
personality-driven. Historically, the executive branch heavily influenced the
legislature and judicial system.
The judiciary is divided into four levels, including justices of the peace, courts of record (magistrate courts), courts of first instance (circuit and specialty courts), and the Supreme Court. Traditional courts and lay courts exist in rural areas of the country. Trial by ordeal, though officially outlawed, is practiced in various parts of Liberia. The formal judicial system remains hampered by severe shortages of qualified judges and other judicial officials. Locally, political power emanates from traditional chiefs (town, clan, or paramount chiefs), mayors, and district commissioners. Mayors are elected in principal cities in Liberia. Superintendents appointed by the president govern the counties. There are 15 counties in Liberia.
Principal Government Officials
President--Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
Vice President--Joseph Nyumah Boakai
Speaker of the House of Representatives--J. Alex Tyler
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court--Johnnie N. Lewis
Minister of Foreign Affairs--Olubanke King-Akerele
Minister of Finance--Antoinette Sayeh
Minister of Justice--Philip A. Z. Banks
Minister of Defense--Brownie Samukai
Minister of Post and Telecommunication--Jeremiah Sulunteh
Minister of Internal Affairs--Ambulai Johnson
Minister of Education--Joseph Korto
Minister of Public Works--Luseni Donzo
Minister of Agriculture--Christopher Toe
Minister of Health and Social Welfare--Walter Gwenigale
Minister of Commerce and Industry--Frances Johnson Morris
Minister of Information, Culture and Tourism--Lawrence Bropleh
Minister of Planning and Economic Affairs--Toga Gaywea McIntosh
Minister of State and Chief of Staff--Edward McClain
Minister of Land, Mines and Energy--Eugene Shannon
Minister of Labor--Samuel Kofi Woods
Minister of Youth and Sports--Etmoniah Tarpeh
Minister of Gender and Development--Varbah Gayflor
Minister of Transportation--Jackson E. Doe
Chairman, National Investment Commission--Richard Tolbert
Director, Bureau of the Budget--Augustine Ngafua
Director General, General Service Agency--Willard Russell
Executive Governor, Central Bank of Liberia--J. Mills Jones
Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization--Christian Massaquoi
(Acting)
Inspector-General, Liberia National Police Force--Beatrice Seah
Director, National Security Agency--Fombah Sirleaf
Director General, National Fire Service--Joseph A.B. Derrick
Chairman, Governance Reform Commission--Amos C. Sawyer
Chairman, National Elections Commission--James Fromoyan
Chairman, Truth and Reconciliation Commission--Jerome Verdier
Liberia maintains an embassy in the United States at 5201 16th Street, NW, Washington DC, 202-723-0437.
ECONOMY
The Liberian economy relied heavily on the mining of iron ore and on the export
of natural rubber prior to the civil war. Liberia was a major exporter of iron
ore on the world market. In the 1970s and 1980s, iron mining accounted for more
than half of Liberia's export earnings. Following the coup d'etat of 1980, the
country's economic growth rate slowed down because of a decline in the demand
for iron ore on the world market and political upheavals in Liberia. Liberia's
foreign debt amounts to about $3.7 billion. Efforts are currently underway to
relieve Liberia of its bilateral and multilateral debts. Several bilateral
creditors, including the United States, have pledged debt relief, and ways of
clearing Liberia's arrears are being developed at the international financial
institutions (World Bank, International Monetary Fund, African Development
Bank).
The 1989-2003 civil war had a devastating effect on the country's economy. Most major businesses were destroyed or heavily damaged, and most foreign investors and businesses left the country. Iron ore production stopped completely, and the United Nations banned timber and diamond exports from Liberia. UN sanctions on Liberian timber were removed in 2006; activity in the timber sector is expected to resume on a large scale during the October 2007-May 2008 dry season. Diamond sanctions were terminated by the UN Security Council in April 2007, and Liberian diamond exports have resumed through the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme.
Currently, Liberia's few earnings come primarily from rubber exports and revenues from its maritime registry program. Liberia has the second-largest maritime registry in the world; there are more than 2,350 vessels registered under its flag, and some 35% of the oil imported to the United States is transported on Liberian-flagged ships. The country earned almost $12 million from maritime revenue in Liberian FY 2006/2007 (July 1-June 30), accounting for 9% of total revenues. There is increasing interest in the possibility of commercially exploitable offshore crude oil deposits along Liberia's Atlantic Coast.
With a democratically elected government in place since January 2006, Liberia seeks to reconstruct its shattered economy. The Governance and Economic Management Program (GEMAP), which started under the 2003-2006 transitional government, is designed to help the Liberian Government raise and spend revenues in an efficient, transparent way. Technical assistance provided by Liberia's international partners is helping the Liberian Government make key economic reforms to attract investment and qualify for eventual debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative.
Foreign direct investment is returning to Liberia, attracted to the more stable security situation provided by the large UN peacekeeping force and the demonstrated commitment to reform on the part of the Sirleaf administration. Investors are now seeking opportunities in mining, rubber, agro-forestry, light industry, and other sectors. Arcelor Mittal Steel has negotiated an agreement to invest over $1 billion in the mining sector, and the Liberian Government is engaged in negotiations with several other large foreign investors.
FOREIGN RELATIONS
Liberia has maintained traditionally cordial relations with the West. Liberia
currently also maintains diplomatic relations with Libya, Cuba, and China.
Liberia is a founding member of the United Nations and its specialized agencies and is a member of the African Union (AU), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the African Development Bank (ADB), the Mano River Union (MRU), and the Non-Aligned Movement.
During the administration of Charles Taylor, relations between Liberia and its West African neighbors became seriously strained. West African countries backed by the African Union and the United Nations negotiated a peace agreement in Accra, Ghana that subsequently led to the exile of Charles Taylor to Nigeria in August 2003. With the election of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Liberia has seen significant improvements in relations with its West African neighbors and the wider world. Relations between Liberia and its immediate neighbors in the Mano River region are back on track, and efforts are underway to strengthen relations with other countries. Liberia currently holds the chairmanship of the reinvigorated Mano River Union. Liberia signed a non-aggression pact with Sierra Leone when newly elected President Ernest Bai Koroma visited in September 2007. Liberia is a major proponent of regional integration, and the Foreign Ministry in Monrovia now issues ECOWAS passports to its citizens for easy travel in the region. Liberia hosted the conference of ECOWAS Defense Chiefs in November 2007.
Liberia has taken steps to forge closer ties with Western countries, especially the United States. President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf has in recent months visited several Western countries, including the United Kingdom, Sweden, Norway, Spain, France, and Germany. President Sirleaf has also visited China and Libya, with whom Liberia maintains close ties.
U.S.-LIBERIA RELATIONS
Congress appropriated $100,000 in 1819 for the establishment of Liberia (and
resettlement of freemen and freed slaves from North America) by the American
Colonization Society, led by prominent Americans such as Francis Scott Key,
George Washington's nephew Bushrod, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and Presidents
Monroe, Adams, and Jackson. The first group of settlers arrived in Liberia from
the United States in the 1820s. The United States, which officially recognized
Liberia in 1862, shared particularly close relations with Liberia during the
Cold War. The outbreak of civil war in Liberia and the long dominance of Charles
Taylor soured bilateral relations. However, Liberia now counts the United States
as its strongest supporter in its democratization and reconstruction efforts.
Since the end of Liberia's civil war in 2003, the United States has contributed
some $750 million toward Liberia's reconstruction and development and more than
$750 million to support the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). The U.S. plans to
commit another $225 million bilaterally and through UNMIL in fiscal year 2008.
The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) implements the U.S. Government's development assistance program. USAID's post-conflict rebuilding strategy focuses on reintegration and is increasingly moving towards a longer-term development focus. Rehabilitation efforts include national and community infrastructure projects, such as building roads, refurbishing government buildings, and training Liberians in vocational skills. USAID also funds basic education programs, improving education for children, focusing on girls, and training teachers. In the health area, USAID programs include primary health care clinics, HIV/AIDS prevention, and a large malaria program. USAID supports rule of law programs, establishing legal aid clinics and victim abuse centers, training judges and lawyers, community peace building and reconciliation efforts, and anti-corruption projects to promote transparency and accountability in public sector entities. USAID is also providing support to strengthen the legislature and other political processes. USAID is strengthening civil society's role in delivering services and advocating good governance. Total USAID funding program for these programs in FY 2007 was $65.9 million.
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| Settlement of freed slaves from the US in what is today Liberia began in 1822; by 1847, the Americo-Liberians were able to establish a republic. William TUBMAN, president from 1944-71, did much to promote foreign investment and to bridge the economic, social, and political gaps between the descendents of the original settlers and the inhabitants of the interior. In 1980, read on |
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Information gathered from the Central Intelligence Agency |
Civil war and government mismanagement have destroyed much of Liberia's economy, especially the infrastructure in and around the capital, Monrovia. Many businessmen have fled the country, taking capital and expertise with them. Some have returned, but many will not. Richly endowed with water, mineral resources, forests, and a climate favorable to agriculture, Liberia read on | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||